Required Readings

• Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons

• Henry Sokolski, Assessing the IAEA’s Ability to Verify the NPT, in Falling Behind: International Scrutiny of the Peaceful Atom, ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2008), 3-41.

• Henry Sokolski, “The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Lecture Notes,” Nonproliferation Policy Education Center. Updated October 2021.

• Robert Zarate, The three qualifications of Article IV’s Inalienable Right, in Reviewing the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010), 219-230.

Recommended Readings

International Atomic Energy Agency & Safeguards

• Andrew Brown and Alexander Glaser, “On the Origins and Significance of the Limit Demarcating Low-Enriched Uranium from Highly Enriched Uranium,” Science and Global Security 24, no. 2 (2016): 131-137.

• Thomas Cochran, “Adequacy of IAEA’s Safeguards for Achieving Timely Detection,” in Falling Behind: International Scrutiny of the Peaceful Atom, ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2008), 121-157.

• Conference on the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency, “The Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency,” New York, October 23, 1956, as amended up to February 23, 1989.

• James E. Doyle, “Argentina and Brazil,” in Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy, ed. James E. Doyle (Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008), 307-329. Password Protected PDF

• Charles Duelfer, Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, September 30, 2004.

• Charles Duelfer, “The Inevitable Failure of Inspections in Iraq,” Arms Control Today 32, no. 6(September 2002).

• Mohamed ElBaradei, “Nuclear Energy: The Need for a New Framework,” statement at the International Conference on Nuclear Fuel Supply: Challenges and Opportunities, Berlin, April 17, 2008.

• Mohamed ElBaradei, “The Status of Nuclear Inspections in Iraq,” Statement to the United Nations Security Council, New York, January 27, 2003.

• Christopher A. Ford, “Nuclear Technology Rights and Wrongs: The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, Article IV, and Nonproliferation,” in Reviewing the NPT, ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010) 237-383.

• Pierre Goldschmidt, “Dealing Preventively with NPT Withdrawal,” research paper commissioned by Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, January 23, 2020.

• Pierre Goldschmidt, “Enforcing the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and International Atomic Energy Agency Compliance,” in Reviewing the NPT, ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010), 423-441.

• Pierre Goldschmidt, “Looking Beyond Iran and North Korea for Safeguarding the Foundations of Nuclear Nonproliferation” (presentation for a conference by the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center on “Reassessing Nuclear Nonproliferation’s Key Premises,” London, November 3, 2011).

• Olli Heinonen, “IAEA Inspections in Perspective,” Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Working Paper, May 21, 2012.

• International Atomic Energy Agency, “The Agency’s Safeguards System (1965, as provisionally extended in 1966 and 1968),” INFCIRC/66/Rev. 2, Vienna, September 16, 1968.

• International Atomic Energy Agency, “Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards,” INFCIRC/540, Vienna, 1997.

• International Atomic Energy Agency, “The Present Status of IAEA Safeguards on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities,” IAEA Bulletin Vol. 22, No. 3/4. August 1980.

• International Atomic Energy Agency, “The Structure and Content of Agreements between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” INFCIRC /153, Vienna, June 1972.

• Greg Jones, “Can Bulk Nuclear Fuel Facilities Be Effectively Safeguarded?”, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Commissioned Research Paper August 5, 2020.

• David Kay, “Denial and Deception Practices of WMD Proliferators: Iraq and Beyond,” Washington Quarterly 18, no. 1 (Winter 1995). Password Protected PDF

• R. Scott Kemp, “Centrifuges: A New Era for Nuclear Proliferation,” in Moving Beyond Pretense, ed. Henry Sokolski (Arlington, VA: Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 2012), 53-82.

• John Kinney, “IAEA Safeguards Implementation, Concepts and Practices,” presentation at World Nuclear University Summer Institute, August 2008.

• Sara Kutchesfahani and Marcie Lombardi, “South Africa,” in Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy, ed. James E. Doyle (Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008), 289-306. Password Protected PDF

• Edwin Lyman, “Can Nuclear Fuel Production in Iran and Elsewhere be Safeguarded Against Diversion?,” in Falling Behind: International Scrutiny of the Peaceful Atom, ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2008), 101-120.

• Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, “International Nuclear Inspections: Can the IAEA Safeguard Civil Nuclear Energy from Being Diverted to Bomb-Making?” (NPEC backgrounder No. 1, September 2008).

• Patrick Roberts, “Can IAEA Safeguards Work if Nuclear Power Grows?” (working paper, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, June 14, 2012).

• Henry Sokolski, “Unleashing the Nuclear Watchdog,” The New Atlantis 32 (Summer 2011).

• Towards a New Consensus on Nuclear Technology, Volume I Summary Report, Pan Heuristics, report prepared for the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, PH-78-04-832-33, July 6, 1979.

• U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Safeguards and the International Atomic Energy Agency, OTA-ISS-615 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1995).

• Susan Voss, “Tracking Nuclear Proliferation within a Commercial Power Program” (Working Paper No. 1301, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, August 2012).

The Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)

• Always Never, the Quest for Safety, Control, and Survivability. YouTube video by the National Security Archive, December 23, 2014.

• Richard Cleary, “Persuading Countries to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making: What History Suggests,” in Nuclear Nonproliferation: Moving Beyond Pretense, ed. Henry Sokolski (Arlington, VA:  Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 2012), 83-116.

• Christopher A. Ford, “Nuclear Technology Rights and Wrongs: The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, Article IV, and Nonproliferation,” in Reviewing the NPT, Henry Sokolski, ed. (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010), 237-383.

• Victor Gilinsky and W. Hoehn, Nonproliferation Treaty Safeguards and the Spread of Nuclear Technology, R-501 (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, May 1970).

• Jozef Goldblat, “The Indian Nuclear Test and the NPT,” in NPT: Paradoxes and Problems, ed. Anne W. Marks (Washington, DC:  The Arms Control Association, 1975), 31-41.

• Eldon V.C. Greenberg, “Peaceful Nuclear Energy and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty,” in Reviewing the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010), 105-129.

• David H. Joyner, Interpreting the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

• Steven E. Miller, “Nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform & the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime” (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2012).

• National Planning Association, 1970 Without Arms Control: Implications of Modern Weapons Technology (report, NPA Special Project Committee on Security through Arms Control, Washington, DC, 1958).

• Joelien Pretorius and Tom Sauer, Is it time to ditch the NPT?, in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 6, 2019.

• Mohamed I. Shaker, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Origin and Implementation, 1959-1979 (London: Oceana Publications, 1980), Vol. 1, 293-315. Password Protected PDF

• Henry Sokolski, “The NPT’s Untapped Potential to Prevent Nuclear Proliferation,” in Reviewing the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), ed. Henry Sokolski (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010), 3-13.

• Henry Sokolski and Victor Gilinsky, “Locking down the NPT,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 17, 2009.

• Telegram from the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Regional Organizations, Washington, November 21, 1961, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Vol. VII, Arms Control and Disarmament, Document 97.

• Leonard Weiss, “The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Strengths and Gaps,” in Fighting Proliferation, ed. Henry Sokolski, (Montgomery, AL: Air University Press, 1996), 31-55.

• Mason Willrich, “Nuclear Power Development and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation,” in NPT: Paradoxes and Problems, ed. Anne W. Marks (Washington, DC: Arms Control Association, 1975), 55-73.

The Three Pillars View

• Agreed Framework between the United States of America and The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Geneva, October 21, 1994.

• Christopher A. Ford, “Debating Disarmament: Interpreting Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” Nonproliferation Review 14, No. 3 (November 2007).

• Victor Gilinsky, Nuclear Blackmail: The 1994 U.S.-Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Agreed Framework on North Korea’s Nuclear Program (Essays in Public Policy No. 76, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1997).

• Victor Gilinsky and Henry Sokolski, “Serious Rules for Nuclear Power without Proliferation” (Working Paper 1302, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, February 2013).

• Pierre Goldschmidt, “The Future of the NPT: Should It be Enhanced, Changed or Replaced?” (paper presented at an International Seminar “Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation – The Future of the NPT,” Rio de Janeiro, October 29-30, 2009).

• Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2006, P.L. No. 109-401 (2006).

• Gregory S. Jones, “Facing the Reality of Iran as a De Facto Nuclear State,” in Nuclear Nonproliferation: Moving Beyond Pretense ed. Henry Sokolski (Arlington, VA: Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 2012), 141-175.

• Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin, “Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer” (report RS22937, Congressional Research Service, June 19, 2012).

• John Kerry, “Remarks at the 2015 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference,” New York City, NY, April 27, 2015.

• Dean Rust, “How We’ve Come to View the NPT: Three Pillars,” in Nuclear Rules, Not Just Rights: The NPT Reexamined, ed. Henry Sokolski (Arlington, VA: Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 2017).

• David Simon, “Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty is a Pactum De Contrahendo and Has Serious Legal Obligations by Implication,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law & Policy II (2004-2005).

• Henry Sokolski, “The India Syndrome: U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy Melts Down,” The Weekly Standard 10, no. 43 (August 1, 2005). U.S. State Department, Report Pursuant to Section 104 (c) of the Hyde Act Regarding Civil Nuclear Cooperation with India, submitted to Congress September 10, 2008.

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